Title: Stranger Than Fiction (2006) 7.6 /10. Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? A fluorescent lamp or a fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in.
Fluorescent lamp - Wikipedia. Top, two compact fluorescent lamps. Bottom, two fluorescent tube lamps. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale. The (Hg) symbol indicates that this lamp contains mercury.
In the US, this symbol is now required on all fluorescent lamps that contain mercury. In this lamp the filament is surrounded by an oblong metal cathode shield, which helps reduce lamp end darkening. An electric current in the gas excitesmercury vapor which produces short- wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than incandescent lamps. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 5. Compact fluorescent lamps are now available in the same popular sizes as incandescents and are used as an energy- saving alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous waste.
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On my 03 Denali, the headlights and interior lights flicker really bad at any given time. There is no rhyme or reason on when they flicker (like bumpy roads), but I. Datsun 1200 was fitted with Mitsubishi or Hitachi alternator.which were a lightweight (8.4 pound) 35 AMP alternator. These alternators will usually last 10-15 years. A Ba Ba Rum (Carlson, 2007) DBL 99%: A Bulldog's Face Chewing a Thistle (Stoneking-Jones, 2009) DBL 100%: A Captured Daydream (Eller-N., 2008) DBL 95%. Herb Voland, Actor: Airplane! Herb Voland was born on October 2, 1918 in New Rochelle, New York, USA as Herbert Maurice Voland. He was an actor, known for Airplane! Video production, web design & Motion Graphics based in Annapolis, Maryland. Professional video services, website design, hosting and Motion Graphics.
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The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them. By the middle of the 1. One of the first to explain it was the Irish scientist Sir George Stokes from the University of Cambridge, who named the phenomenon . The explanation relied on the nature of electricity and light phenomena as developed by the British scientists Michael Faraday in the 1.
James Clerk Maxwell in the 1. When an electric current passed through a Geissler tube, a strong green glow on the walls of the tube at the cathode end could be observed. Because it produced some beautiful light effects, the Geissler tube was a popular source of amusement. More important, however, was its contribution to scientific research. One of the first scientists to experiment with a Geissler tube was Julius Pl. He also made the important observation that the glow in the tube shifted position when in proximity to an electromagnetic field. Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observed in 1.
Geissler tube. He went on to apply thin coatings of luminescent materials to the surfaces of these tubes. Fluorescence occurred, but the tubes were very inefficient and had a short operating life.
The most famous was the evacuated tube used for scientific research by William Crookes. That tube was evacuated by the highly effective mercury vacuum pump created by Hermann Sprengel. Research conducted by Crookes and others ultimately led to the discovery of the electron in 1. J. Thomson and X- rays in 1. Wilhelm Roentgen.
But the Crookes tube, as it came to be known, produced little light because the vacuum in it was too good and thus lacked the trace amounts of gas that are needed for electrically stimulated luminescence. Early discharge lamps. It was similar to a fluorescent lamp without the fluorescent coating on the tube, and produced greenish light. The round device under the lamp is the ballast. While Becquerel was interested primarily in conducting scientific research into fluorescence, Thomas Edison briefly pursued fluorescent lighting for its commercial potential. He invented a fluorescent lamp in 1. X- rays, but although it received a patent in 1.
As with a few other attempts to use Geissler tubes for illumination, it had a short operating life, and given the success of the incandescent light, Edison had little reason to pursue an alternative means of electrical illumination. Nikola Tesla made similar experiments in the 1. Edison's devices, no commercial success was achieved. Although Edison lost interest in fluorescent lighting, one of his former employees was able to create a gas- based lamp that achieved a measure of commercial success. In 1. 89. 5 Daniel Mc. Farlan Moore demonstrated lamps 2 to 3 meters (6. As with future fluorescent lamps, they were considerably more complicated than an incandescent bulb.
From 1. 90. 4 onwards Moore. The extended lifespan and improved efficacy of incandescent bulbs negated one of the key advantages of Moore. These patents and the inventive efforts that supported them were to be of considerable value when the firm took up fluorescent lighting more than two decades later.
At about the same time that Moore was developing his lighting system, another American was creating a means of illumination that also can be seen as a precursor to the modern fluorescent lamp. This was the mercury- vapor lamp, invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt and patented in 1. US 6. 82. 69. 2 ; this patent number is frequently misquoted as US 8. The mercury- vapor lamp was superior to the incandescent lamps of the time in terms of energy efficiency, but the blue- green light it produced limited its applications.
It was, however, used for photography and some industrial processes. Mercury vapor lamps continued to be developed at a slow pace, especially in Europe, and by the early 1. Some of them employed fluorescent coatings, but these were used primarily for color correction and not for enhanced light output. Mercury vapor lamps also anticipated the fluorescent lamp in their incorporation of a ballast to maintain a constant current. Cooper- Hewitt had not been the first to use mercury vapor for illumination, as earlier efforts had been mounted by Way, Rapieff, Arons, and Bastian and Salisbury. Of particular importance was the mercury vapor lamp invented by K.
This lamp used quartz in place of glass to allow higher operating temperatures, and hence greater efficiency. Although its light output relative to electrical consumption was better than that of other sources of light, the light it produced was similar to that of the Cooper- Hewitt lamp in that it lacked the red portion of the spectrum, making it unsuitable for ordinary lighting. Neon lamps. Neon glowed a brilliant red when used in Geissler tubes. Neon tube lighting, which also includes the use of argon and mercury vapor as alternate gases, came to be used primarily for eye- catching signs and advertisements. Neon lighting was relevant to the development of fluorescent lighting, however, as Claude.
Sputtering occurred when ionized particles struck an electrode and tore off bits of metal. In 1. 92. 6 Jacques Risler received a French patent for the application of fluorescent coatings to neon light tubes. This, however, was not the first use of fluorescent coatings; Becquerel had earlier used the idea and Edison used calcium tungstate for his unsuccessful lamp. Of particular importance was the invention in 1.
A German patent was granted but the lamp never went into commercial production. Commercialization of fluorescent lamps. Decades of invention and development had provided the key components of fluorescent lamps: economically manufactured glass tubing, inert gases for filling the tubes, electrical ballasts, long- lasting electrodes, mercury vapor as a source of luminescence, effective means of producing a reliable electrical discharge, and fluorescent coatings that could be energized by ultraviolet light. At this point, intensive development was more important than basic research. In 1. 93. 4, Arthur Compton, a renowned physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at General Electric Co., Ltd. Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E.
Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1. General Electric. This was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A.
More important than these was a patent covering an electrode that did not disintegrate at the gas pressures that ultimately were employed in fluorescent lamps. Eventually, war production required 2. While the Hull patent gave GE a basis for claiming legal rights over the fluorescent lamp, a few months after the lamp went into production the firm learned of a U. S. The patent application indicated that the lamp had been created as a superior means of producing ultraviolet light, but the application also contained a few statements referring to fluorescent illumination. Efforts to obtain a U. S. At first, GE sought to block the issuance of a patent by claiming that priority should go to one of their employees, Leroy J.
Buttolph, who according to their claim had invented a fluorescent lamp in 1. GE also had filed a patent application in 1. Inman. In 1. 93. 9 GE decided that the claim of Meyer, Spanner, and Germer had some merit, and that in any event a long interference procedure was not in their best interest. They therefore dropped the Buttolph claim and paid $1. Meyer, et al. The patent was duly awarded in December 1. They were used in fixtures manufactured by three leading corporations, Lightolier, Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation, and Globe Lighting. The Slimline fluorescent ballast's public introduction in 1.
Westinghouse and General Electric and Showcase/Display Case fixtures were introduced by Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation in 1. Fluorescent lighting systems spread rapidly during World War II as wartime manufacturing intensified lighting demand. By 1. 95. 1 more light was produced in the United States by fluorescent lamps than by incandescent lamps. Small additions of magnesium tungstate improved the blue part of the spectrum yielding acceptable white.
After it was discovered that beryllium was toxic, halophosphate based phosphors took over. If the (incident) free electron has enough kinetic energy, it transfers energy to the atom's outer electron, causing that electron to temporarily jump up to a higher energy level. The collision is 'inelastic' because a loss of kinetic energy occurs. This higher energy state is unstable, and the atom will emit an ultraviolet photon as the atom's electron reverts to a lower, more stable, energy level. Most of the photons that are released from the mercury atoms have wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum, predominantly at wavelengths of 2. These are not visible to the human eye, so they must be converted into visible light. This is done by making use of fluorescence.
Lighting References by Subject - The Lampworks.